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English Language Arts/ Research
Compartmentalizing Faith: How Three First-Semester Undergraduates Manage Evangelical Identities in Academic Writing
“Now I Don’t Use It at All … It’s Gone”: Monolingual Ideology, Multilingual Students, and (Failed) Translingual Negotiation Strategies
In Dialogue: Latin America
Multimodal Cuentos as Fugitive Literacies on the Mexico-US Borderlands
In this article we examine fugitivity and fugitive literacies as they are enacted by transfronterizx youth—young people who cross and experience life on both sides of the border between Mexico and the United States. Through a community-based literacy project located on the border between El Paso Texas USA and Ciudad Juarez Chihuahua Mexico this article focuses on storytelling and multimodal creation what we refer to as multimodal cuentos. Findings illustrate the ways in which Chicanx/Latinx transfronterizx youth exhibit build and sustain their ways of resisting white Western hegemonic definitions of literacy through communication and creativity. We theorize the notion of fugitivity on the border and share potential implications for language and literacy education for Chicanx/Latinx border crossers.
Editorial: A New Generation of Fugitive Scholarship
Guest Editors’ Note: The Fugitive Literacies Collective is a constellation of critical scholar-friends of color assembled from the 2016-18 National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) Cultivating New Voices among Scholars of Color (CNV) cohort. The Collective is committed to resisting hegemonic academic norms and mores. Our members think study write and publish together in an intentional effort to irradiate the knowledges complexities and tensions that percolate when possibilities for the real or fictive liberation of historically marginalized and dehumanized persons and communities are embraced as desirable and worthwhile purposes for educational research(ers). The Collective seeks to embody and animate humanizing approaches to the intellectual labor of scholarship by enacting collaborations that honor a horizontal approach to the co-construction of knowledges while also highlighting literacies that break from educational practices that are inextricably rooted in anti-black racist and colonialist ideologies. This special issue of English Education features work from a fraction of the collective that theorizes and illustrates fugitive literacies by variously examining ways of knowing and meaning-making practices across multimodalities. The issue opens with an introductory editorial written by CNV cofounder Carol Lee that sets the stage for the ensuing critical conversations. To borrow from the Combahee River Collective this issue is our proclamation to the world that we choose—and are ready for—a lifetime of work as freedom-seeking scholars of liberatory literacies.
“The creative aspect woke me up”: Awakening to Multimodal Essay Composition as a Fugitive Literacy Practice
This article details a self-study dissecting an interracial group of students’ theories of Blackness in a postsecondary classroom. I begin by conceptualizing fugitive literacy practices as tools with which to awaken and animate education as the practice of liberation from whiteness and anti-Blackness. I then approach multimodal essay composition as one such practice and illuminate its application in a classroom. I show how this practice affirmed students as empowered producers of knowledge. I contend that pedagogues must pivot away from the disruption of whiteness and anti-Blackness as a defined target and turn toward the destruction of both as a desirable goal. I conclude by considering further inquiries that this provocation invites vis-à-vis curriculum and pedagogy in English teacher education.
Missed Opportunities: Troubling the Waters of Social Justice Teaching in an English Methods Course
This case study of an English methods course examines how preservice teachers demonstrate knowledge skills and dispositions for social justice teaching. Qualitative analyses of participants’ performances on two signature course assessments micro-teaching and unit planning show how opportunities to demonstrate socially just teaching practices are both afforded and missed. The study and course design draw from theories and practices of critical multicultural education culturally relevant teaching and equity literacy. Findings indicate that despite our best intentions course assessments did not fully support engagement with or applications of social justice principles.
Learning to Teach Diverse Learners Together: Results from an Innovative Placement Structure
We explore the ways in which preservice teachers (PSTs) develop a practice in practice (Darling-Hammond 2010) with diverse learners when placed in classrooms with college writing mentor teachers. Analyzing survey data and instances of stated confidence in PSTs’ activity logs we share results that reveal a significant increase in the novice teachers’ perceived ability to teach diverse learners when placed in this context. Results also demonstrate a model of Teacherly Reflective Inquiry Practice (TRIP). These results suggest that placements with college writing instructors acting as mentor teachers can facilitate the development of collective efforts to teach diverse learners.
Provocateur Piece: That We Somehow Still Do This
In this Provocateur Piece we build a theory of poetic resonance through the interspersing of theory philosophy and literature with students’ voices and our own. The ideas sprang from an undergraduate English methods course we co-taught focused on micro-teaching. Throughout the essay we explore momentary encounters of resonance within and beyond pedagogical moves and students’ experiences engaging the particularities that shape lives in classrooms.
Adding It All Up: Infographic Meta-Reflections on the Teaching of Writing
Many teacher education programs consider reflection to be critical as preservice teachers appropriate tools related to the teaching of writing. The purpose of this research was to explore three preservice teachers’ analysis of written reflections that they composed while taking a writing methods course embedded in two field experience sites. The following research questions guided the study: (1) What themes did preservice teachers identify in their reflective writing? (2) What do their meta-reflections demonstrate about their learning to teach writing? This study provides implications for how preservice teachers can develop into reflective writing practitioners.
In Dialogue: Media
Revision from Multiple Feedback Sources: The Attitudes and Behaviors of Three Multilingual Student Writers
Teaching with Digital Peer Response: Four Cases of Technology Appropriation, Resistance, and Transformation
Editors’ Introduction: Critical Digital and Media Literacies in Challenging Times: Reimagining the Role of English Language Arts
“I Didn’t Enjoy Reading Until Now”: How Youth and Adults Engage with Interactive Digital Texts
Electrical Evocations: Computer Science, the Teaching of Literature, and the Future of English Education
In this conceptual essay the author argues that computational methods and computer science more broadly should be embedded into English education programs. Positing that computational methods can deepen and expand the way literature is already taught in many English education programs and secondary English classrooms the author first makes a theoretical case for English educators to embrace computational methods then shares a prototypical assignment called a mixed literary analysis. The essay concludes with a series of concrete recommendations for English educators who wish to explore further how to embed computational methods into their professional pursuits and programs.
Provocateur Piece*: Becoming Meddler
In this piece I draw on Erica McWilliam’s model of Meddler in the Middle to disrupt familiar notions of teaching. The Meddler in the Middle provides an alternative to existing teaching models—the Sage on the Stage and the Guide on the Side—and foregrounds twenty-first-century skills such as problem solving collaboration and critical thinking. I explore possibilities for meddling in the context of high school English classrooms and teacher education courses through my teaching experiences; then I contemplate how the Meddler might function in our current standards-based environment.
Youths’ Choices to Read Optional Queer Texts in a High School ELA Classroom: Navigating Visibility through Literacy Sponsorship
Recent decades show increased scholarship in literacy education considering LGBTQ-themed texts and LGBTQ people in English language arts classrooms. Building on studies exploring choice in school-based reading I focus on the experiences of youth navigating their visibility when they interacted with other people about their queer reading choices in the context of required independent reading for their ELA course. I examine how varying configurations of literacy sponsorship affected students’ actions. The findings help illuminate the complex relationships among LGBTQ-inclusive curricula and youth experiences.
Editors’ Introduction: The Politics of Teaching Literature
A Century of Change in High School English Assessments: An Analysis of 110 New York State Regents Exams, 1900–2018
In Dialogue: Literature
Queer Ruptures of Normative Literacy Practices: Toward Visualizing, Hypothesizing, and Empathizing
Metalepsis in Elementary Students’ Multimodal Narrative Representations
Performative Youth: The Literacy Possibilities of De-essentializing Adolescence
What might happen if teachers instruct youth directly about historically situated views of adolescence? This 10-week qualitative study examines what happened when a Black Jamaican English teacher instructed Black and Latino seniors in AP English about adolescence as a construct and guided them to apply this sociocultural lens of youth to texts in English class and to their lives. Using scholarship based in critical youth studies and Butler’s theory of performativity this study shows the effects of giving students access to alternative discourses about adolescence. This study contributes to scholarship focused on centralizing youths’ interests in literature curriculum for the purposes of increased literacy engagement.
Provocateur Piece: English Education for a Sustainable Future (or Why We Need Writing Teachers at the End of the World)
How might English educators respond to the increasing need for advocacy associated with climate change and ecological sustainability? As alternatives to these stories of isolation and despair I offer empowerment strategies based in Dr. Joanna Macy’s “The Work that Reconnects” which emerges from her 30 years of environmental advocacy. In contrast with other calls to social and political activism action is the last stage of this four-step spiral approach that includes coming from gratitude honoring our pain for the world seeing with new eyes and going forth.
Becoming a Teacher of Writing: An Analysis of the Identity Resources Offered to Preservice Teachers across Contexts
This article explores the practice-linked identity resources offered to preservice ELA teachers as they moved through a teacher preparation program. Nasir and Cooks’s (2009) concepts of ideational material and relational resources are used as a frame to analyze the way preservice teachers talked about teaching writing at three points during their teacher preparation program. The study concludes that a narrow vision of the teaching of writing persists in the imagination of preservice teachers and in their secondary public school internship placements rendering it difficult for teacher education programs to foster an alternate vision of what a writing teacher is or could be.
Praisesongs of Place: Youth Envisioning Space and Place in a Literacy and Songwriting Initiative
In Dialogue: Ethics in Literacy Research beyond the Institutional Review Boards
Author Index to Volume 53 (2018–2019)
Editors’ Introduction: Ethics and Literacy Research
Uncovering Conflict: Why Teachers Struggle to Apply Professional Development Learning about the Teaching of Writing
The Power of Personal Connection for Undergraduate Student Writers
Guest Reviewers
Editors’ Introduction: Announcing the 2017–2018 Alan C. Purves Award Recipients: Inspiring Transformative Literacy Pedagogies
Nerdisms, Almina, and the Petsitter: Becoming Social Commentary Composers
A Narrative Examination of Sociocultural Factors’ Effects on LGBTQ Teacher Ally Work
Research has demonstrated supportive teachers’ importance in the success and safety of lesbian gay bisexual transgender and queer (LGBTQ) students. However few researchers study the degrees to which sociocultural factors and actors shape teachers’ efforts to build LGBTQ-positive classrooms. This article is part of a larger longitudinal study that examined novice English teachers’ attempts to build LGBTQ teacher ally identities. Participant narratives suggested that school-based cultural norms including understandings of gender and standardized testing heavily informed the ways in which a secondary English teacher was able to be a teacher ally.
From Connected Learning to Connected Teaching: Reimagining Digital Literacy Pedagogy in English Teacher Education
Many teachers still struggle to find a coherent and meaningful framework for incorporating new literacies into their instruction. This case study examines the teaching and learning that took place in a New and Multimodal Literacies class for preservice English teachers to understand how the ideas of connected learning are generative yet challenging as educators seek to create transformative technology-integrated and equity-oriented literacy learning experiences for students. Findings suggest that when teachers explore technological tools with connection in mind they can develop instructional experiences that forefront student interests and critical literacy learning. The study offers a vision of connected teaching to guide digital literacy teacher education into the future.
Provocateur Piece: Spitballs and Sparks: Learning the Art of Grace
Two English teachers who believed that they were like-minded discover during a tumultuous team-teaching experience unexpected differences in their teaching styles. In this narrative provocation the author reconstructs moments of tension in team teaching and the path toward reconciliation leading to a reflection on the complexity of the relationships teachers form with each other and their students. The attempt to cultivate a graceful artful humane imagination emerges as a vital part of both teachers’ professional lives.
Complicating Censorship: Reading All American Boys with Parents of Young Adults
In this article we describe findings from a discourse community created for parents to discuss potentially controversial young adult literature. Focusing on participants’ reactions to All American Boys the study explores how parents responded to issues of racism in the United States and investigates how participants conceived of the text for their own children and in English classrooms. We distinguish four themes in the parents’ responses: identifying with injustice seeing Whiteness as a protection stereotypes versus individuality and reading as parents. Implications for preservice and inservice teachers as well as teacher educators involve preparation for leading difficult conversations and for working with parents toward transparency in classroom texts and topics.
Mediational Modalities: Adolescents Collaboratively Interpreting Literature through Digital Multimodal Composing
In Dialogue: Methodological Pluralism
Counter-Storytelling vs. Deficit Thinking around African American Children and Families, Digital Literacies, Race, and the Digital Divide
Annotated Bibliography of Research in the Teaching of English
Editors’ Introduction: Toward Methodological Pluralism: The Geopolitics of Knowing
Choosing and Using Interactional Scaffolds: How Teachers’ Moment-to-Moment Supports Can Generate and Sustain Emergent Bilinguals’ Engagement with Challenging English Texts
The 2018 NCTE Presidential Address: Teaching Has Not Left Us: It Has Simply Moved On. Are We Ready to Follow?
Whiteness Is a White Problem: Whiteness in English Education
This article relies on methods of racial storytelling to provoke the field of English education (and teacher education more generally) to see how race is a white problem. Specifically I tell and make sense of stories from my experiences as a white high school English teacher and English education scholar to wonder about the potential work white people might engage to contribute to better understandings of whiteness and perhaps antiracism. I argue that it is time for white people to worry about how mediating race through people of color affects engagement with race racism and antiracism in the field of English education.
Reconceptualizing Whiteness in English Education: Failure, Fraughtness, and Accounting for Context
This article focuses on Mr. Kurt a white first-year English teacher in an all-white context who has chosen to teach his students about whiteness white supremacy white privilege and the many ways institutionalized racism is enacted in daily life. I center this article on classroom scenarios that highlight the challenges embedded in dealing with race and whiteness in curriculum and classroom discussion. I conclude with a discussion of how possibilities for antiracist and social justice pedagogies in English education rely on the field’s willingness to embrace a more nuanced conversation and I offer implications for classroom practice at the K–12 and teacher education levels.
Reopening Racial Wounds: Whiteness, Melancholia, and Affect in the English Classroom
This article critiques a classroom encounter between a Black student Richard and a white student Nick that complicated the white English teacher Mr. Turner’s attempt to facilitate a discussion about racial progress in America. Students positioned their bodies on a continuum between 1 no racial progress since the 1930s and 10 full racial equity. When Richard positioned himself at the low end of the continuum and Nick located himself on the high end a disruption occurred after Mr. Turner moved his body toward Nick while verbally validating Richard’s perspective. I argue that the classroom’s affective register was altered by racial melancholia reopening racial wounds and reproducing whiteness evoking emotions I call “melancholic affects.”
Provocateur Pieces: Raced Encounter on a Hilltop: A Call for Soulful Justice alongside Social Justice Work
This provocation begins with an emotionally charged interracial encounter during peak-hour Cape Town traffic. It goes on to consider the manner in which emotional orientations constitute everyday internal white supremacist structures often camouflaged under the guise of caring. Later it calls on white educators to earnestly do the work of emotional excavation to avoid the reification reinforcement and reproduction of subtle well-intentioned forms of racism. Ultimately this piece contends that soulful justice work needs to accompany the social justice investments of white educators.
Editors’ Introduction: Collective Knowledge Production and Action
Portal and Gatekeeper: How Peer Feedback Functions in a High School Writing Class
To counter inequitable hierarchical classroom structures research in the fields of language and literacy studies often looks to the affordances of online spaces such as affinity spaces for learning that is collaborative and knowledge that is distributed; yet researchers continue to locate theirstudies in virtual spaces outside classroom walls. This study situated in a high school writing class repositions the familiar classroom practice of peer feedback as a way to access affinity space features. Using qualitative case study design and grounded theory analysis the study reveals thatwhen supported by an emphasis on social connection the practice of peer feedback served as a portal for students with a range of writing experience and interest to collaborate and exchange honest feedback practices indicative of affinity space features. Yet traditional expectations preserved teacher roles and student roles in ways that prevented the class from more fully accessing the affinity space features of distributed expertise porous leadership and role flexibility. Discussion expands the field’s understanding of affinity spaces and their application in physical classrooms by outlining new features theorizing these classroom spaces and advocating for a reimagine dvision of peer feedback in ELA classrooms where role reciprocity and flexibility resist traditionalinequitable classroom structures.
In Dialogue: Collectivities
Where Do We Go from Here? Toward a Critical Race English Education
In this article I propose Critical Race English Education (CREE) as a theoretical and pedagogical construct that tackles white supremacy and anti-black racism within English education and ELA classrooms. I employ autoethnography and counterstorytelling as methods that center my multiple identities and lived realities as I document my racialized and gendered experiences in relation to my journey to Ferguson MO and my experiences as a secondary ELA teacher. The research questions guiding this study are the following: (1) As a Black male English educator and language and literacy scholar how am I implicated in the struggle for racial justice and what does it mean for me to teach literacy in our present-day justice movement?; (2) How are Black lives mattering in ELA classrooms?; and (3) How are we using Black youth life histories and experiences to inform our mindset curriculum and pedagogical practices in the classroom?This article explicates findings from three interconnected stories that work to show how CREE can be operationalized to better understand the #BlackLivesMatter movement in its historical and contemporary dimensions. The data analyzed stem from my autobiographical narrativesobservations social media artifacts and images. I aim to expand English education to be more synergistically attuned to racial justice issues dealing with police brutality the mass incarceration of Black people and legacies of grassroots activism. This analysis suggests implications that aim to move the pedagogical practices around the intersections of anti-blackness and literacy from the margins to the center of discussion and praxis in ELA contexts.
“What If We Were Committed to Giving Every Individual the Servicesand Opportunities They Need?” Teacher Educators’ Understandings,Perspectives, and Practices Surrounding Dyslexia
Educators and researchers from a range of fields have devoted their careers to studying how reading develops and how to support students who find reading challenging. Some children struggle specifically with learning to decode print the central issue in what is referred to as dyslexia.However research has failed to identify unique characteristics or patterns that set apart students identified as dyslexic from other readers with decoding challenges. Nevertheless an authoritative discourse that speaks of a definitive definition a unique set of characteristics and a specific form of intervention saturates policy and practice around dyslexia and teacher educators are under increasing pressure to include this state-sanctioned information in their classes. Literacy educators’ experiences teaching reading in schools and preparing literacy professionals can add valuable perspectives to the conversation about dyslexia; however currently their voices are largely silent in conversations around dyslexia research policy and practice. The current research was designed to address this gap through an intensive interview study in which we employed a Disability Critical Race Studies framework along with Bakhtin’s notions of authoritative and internally persuasive discourse to explore the perspectives understandings and experiences of literacy teacher educators regarding dyslexia.
Teaching Global Literature to “Disturb the Waters”: A Case Study
Within this qualitative case study I describe how a fifth-grade teacher in an affluent and culturally homogenous school attempted to “disturb the waters” through teaching global literature. Framed by transactional theories of response and critical language awareness I identify three central pedagogical moves that supported disruptions of students’ assumptions and beliefs: (1) inviting students to share their aesthetic transactions (2) privileging multiple perspectives and genres and (3) calling attention to language choices as a central line of inquiry. I argue that both transactional and critical approaches to literacy and language are necessary in order to move students beyond disinterested and prejudicial responses to global literature and to challenge commonly held beliefs.
Provocateur Pieces: From “Turning the Page” to Getting Our Noses out of the Book: How NCTE Can Translate Its Words into Activism
This article raises questions about the role of NCTE in an era of widespread education reform that often runs counter to a wide body of scholarship and members’ understandings of ways to build strong equitable educational systems. The authors call on NCTE to reinvent itself primarily as a space from which to take action toward equity and justice. This provocateur piece offers a loving critique of NCTE’s notion of advocacy at a time when neoliberal education reforms limit educators’ capacity to carry out our collective responsibilities to marginalized and vulnerable youth.
Magnificent Things and Terrible Men: Teaching Sherman Alexie in the Age of #MeToo
The #MeToo and Time’s Up movements have each cast light on the prevalence of sexual harassment in a variety of media industries. In this piece I reflect on a college YAL seminar in which my students read Sherman Alexie’s The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. The class discussion quickly became focused on Alexie himself and his surrounding accusations and subsequent admission of sexual misconduct. This piece seeks to catalog our conversation in hopes that as teachers we may come to our own conclusions about silence voice choice and when we can or should ever judge characters in art by the character of the artist.
Translating Theory to Practice: Exploring Teachers’ Raciolinguistic Literacies in Secondary English Classrooms
This case study of two secondary English teachers integrates a critical translingual approach in two urban classrooms. Our inquiry is guided by two questions: (1) How did two teachers engage critical translingual approaches in their classrooms? (2) How did their positionalities shape implementation of these approaches? This article illustrates how teachers’ stances and practices can be affected by their identities pointing to the ways that diverse teachers must approach their translanguaging pedagogies with an understanding of raciolinguistic ideologies. We end with a call for teacher educators to help teachers engage the transgressive elements of translanguaging in English classrooms and hone their raciolinguistic literacies so that they can design classroom learning in more humanizing ways.
Policy, Practice, and Dialogue: A Framework for NCTE Action and Relational Strategy
This essay is an invited response to Noah Asher Golden and Deborah Bieler’s Provocateur Piece in this issue in which they share a loving critique of the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE). This response highlights and extends Golden and Bieler’s observation about “the strengths of our members: policy practice and dialogue.” The response essay illustrates how NCTE an association for literacy educators could use “policy practice and dialogue” as a framework to drive and connect its work.
Editors’ Introduction: Bridging Generations in RTE: Reading the Past, Writing the Future
In Dialogue: Generations
In the first installment of our In Dialogue section we recognize the generations of scholars who have paved the way for literacy research teaching and activism committed to equity. We feature three of the field’s luminaries—Celia Genishi Sonia Nieto and Carol Lee—as each reflects on her professional journey as it intertwines with key moments in history. We begin with Celia Genishi’s recollection of the ways that her experience as a child speaker of Japanese in the United States during a period of pronounced state-sanctioned xenophobia led her to become a researcher of early childhood bilingual education. Next Sonia Nieto recounts her own “political coming of age” and dedication to “inclusion equity and social justice” as she learned about the role of institutional racism in creating failure for Black and Puerto Rican children in New York City schools where she herself was both a student and teacher. Finally Carol Lee describes her own conceptual and methodological orientations exemplified by her Cultural Modeling frameworkand idea of the “problem space” in helping to create equitable learning conditions particularly for students from nondominant backgrounds. All three of our featured essayists trace their professional commitments to their experiences as young people and educators in the US during times of tumult and change to their own mentors and to their ongoing relationships with colleaguesand students. Taken together the essays serve as a powerful reminder of the importance of his-tory place and intergenerational learning as we imagine new directions for research and more just educational futures.
“Untold Stories”: Cultivating Consequential Writing with a Black Male Student through a Critical Approach to Metaphor
Several writing studies have affirmed the literacies of young Black men in schooling contexts in humanizing ways which has importantly moved us beyond rationalizing their literacy practices in educational spaces. Less of this important research has directly focused on young Blackmen who are deemed academically high-achieving in traditional English language arts (ELA)classrooms. Thus academically high-achieving young Black men are often silent in literacy education and research; they have “untold stories” as described by Shawn the focal student inthis critical ethnographic case study. In an effort to provide literacy supports for these students and their ELA educators I developed a consequential literacy pedagogy. In this article I focuson consequential writing—one product of the consequential literacy pedagogy. Consequential writing concurrently develops academic and critical literacies. This layered literacy approach is intentionally developed by for and with historically marginalized communities to equip them to act against inequity within and beyond academic spaces through the learning teaching and sharing of writing. The current study cultivated consequential writing with a Black male student through a critical approach to metaphor. Metaphor is ideal for developing consequential writing due to its ability to simultaneously engage critical creative and cognitive literacies. In this paperI address the following research question: How did an academically high-achieving Black male secondary student utilize the generative power of metaphor to cultivate consequential writing?Next I illuminate the transferability of this work to support ELA educators in cultivating consequential writing with students beyond this study. Finally I discuss some unintended consequences of consequential writing for Black youth in academic spaces that do not honor their lives or minds.
Audience Awareness as a Threshold Concept of Reading:An Examination of Student Learning in Biochemistry
Threshold concept theory can identify transformative concepts in disciplinary communities of practice making it a useful framework pedagogically for scholars of academic literacies. Although researchers have studied how to teach thres hold concepts and how students have taken up theseconcepts in learning to write few have looked at two aspects that are particularly important for students placed into basic writing: threshold concepts of reading and questions of learning transfer.Taking an epistemological approach to disciplinary literacies I used case study research to trace the changing reading and writing practices of Bruce a basic writing and first-generation college student during his first year of college as he moved from a basic reading course into biochemis-try. Bruce leveraged audience awareness to write rhetorically and to comprehend difficult texts written for professional biochemistry researchers. Findings show that audience awareness is a threshold concept of reading one that transforms academic literacy practices and that furthersidentity in disciplinary communities of practice. These findings support the teaching of audience awareness in secondary and postsecondary classrooms but they also demand that we recognize the additional work basic writing students like Bruce must do to establish agency in a system that has labeled them underprepared.
Metatheoretical Differences between Running Records and Miscue Analysis: Implications for Analysis of Oral Reading Behaviors
The purpose of this article is to examine the metatheoretical differences that impact how runningrecords and miscue analysis differ in (a) the quantification of readers’ produced responses totext and (b) the analysis of oral reading behaviors. After providing historical and metatheoretical overviews of both procedures we present the data source which included 74 records of oral readings from an extant data set collected from an informal reading inventory. Each record was coded using running record and miscue analysis procedures. We used inferential statistics to examine relationships across conceptually similar items of analysis (for example the number oferrors or miscues). Findings from the inferential statistics show that there were significant positive correlations between three of the five conceptually similar items and a lack of statistically significant correlations between the use of meaning and grammar between running records and miscue analysis. Based on the findings we argue that both procedures which are often confused and conflated possess metatheoretical differences that influence how oral reading behaviors are interpreted. These differences in turn impact how reading ability is framed and socially constructed. We conclude with the significance of this research for education professionals.
Electing to Heal: Trauma, Healing, and Politics in Classrooms
Among the lessons that emerged after the recent presidential election is a recognition that teachers are generally not prepared to address the intersections of healing politics and emotion in classrooms. Now more than ever English educators must address trauma in classrooms while also recognizing how individuals and groups are positioned differently in the material and emotional stakes of this election. Drawing on research the voices of teachers and our experiences over this past year we call for more expansive conversations among English educators across perspectives concerned with creating safe relational anti-oppressive classrooms.
Learning to Teach Writing through Dialogic Assessment
Learning to teach writing is a complex process influenced by many factors. Formative assessment holds promise as a place for preservice teachers to gain a better understanding of students’ unique struggles as writers and of writing as a complex challenging skill. The authors of this article describe how working with a dialogic method of formative assessment gave two preservice teachers unique insights about their students as writers and transformed their understanding of writing development. We argue for the benefits of incorporating more experience with formative writing assessment into the preservice education of English teachers.
Provocateur Pieces: Striking Signs: The Diverse Discourse of the 2018 West Virginia Teachers’ Strike
In February 2018 teachers and other school personnel in West Virginia went on strike over persistently low salaries and a series of other defunding and deprofessionalizing legislative proposals. Over nine days teachers created signs that argued their cause and showcased their messages on roadsides in their own communities en masse at the state capital and in media outlets across the globe. In this article we describe five themes that emerged from a discourse analysis of 50 protest signs. In response to circulating dismissive and demeaning discourses teachers positioned themselves as professionals content specialists moral authority figures valuable resources and inheritors of cultural legacies.
Middle School Writers’ Attitudes and Beliefs on Revision Paired with Transmediation during a Flash Fiction Unit
This article describes the results of a study that examined middle school students’ written revisions as well as attitudes and perceptions regarding revision when paired with transmediation. Existing research on revision is thin on transmediation’s affordances and students’ voices regarding revision. Situated within a social semiotic multimodal literacy framework this article addresses how students began to see revision’s purpose and process as more meaningful and substantive as a result of transacting with their transmediated objects during a flash fiction unit of study.
“You Could Argue It Either Way”: Ambivalent White Teacher Racial Identity and Teaching about Racism in Literature Study
This study presents a portrait of a White high school English teacher in an effort to understand the relationship between her White racial identity and her teaching about racism within a unit on A Raisin in the Sun in a predominantly White teaching context. The author argues that the teacher’s ambivalent White racial identity contributed to lack of clarity and conviction in terms of purpose which presented a pedagogical dilemma that ultimately undermined her practice. Acknowledging ambivalent identity and compensating for ambivalence in practice could provide pedagogical support for English teachers when they strive to teach about racism in secondary English classrooms.
Provocateur Piece: Let Your Reader Do Some Work: Twelve Theses (and an Appendix) on Leaving More to the Imagination in Academic Assignments
This provocation addresses the prevalence of “scholarly laziness” in academic reading and considers its effect on scholarly writing in ELA and teacher education classrooms. The essay is constructed as twelve theses (a nod to the 500th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation and the contemporary propagation of standardized rubrics as doctrine). Blending narrative and scholarship these brief statements consider possible reasons for this so-called laziness ways it manifests in education and scholarship why it is a problem and possible approaches to encouraging more critical reading and writing practices among students preservice teachers and scholars.
Critical Conversations in English Education: Discursive Strategies for Examining How Teacher and Student Identities Shape Classroom Discourse
This research examined how preservice teachers in a university classroom used discourse analysis of video-recorded lessons to explore how identity markers such as race shaped classroom interactions. Findings from the study indicated that preservice teachers employed 10 different discursive strategies to engage in critical conversations. Identifying these discursive strategies offered insight into preservice teachers’ entry points for engaging in such dialogue. From that information we offer potential narrative starters and questions that educators could use to deepen critical conversations in their English education courses.