Exploring Identity Negotiations, Multiple Literacies, and Imagined Communities of Somali American High School Students

References

1. Anderson B. (1991) Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (Rev. ed.). Verso.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Bashir A., Muse A., & Curry-Stevens A. (2016) Oregon somali community needs assessment: A preliminary report. Retrieved December 5, 2019, from https://multco.us/file/56387/download
   [Google Scholar]
3. Benner A. D., & Graham S. (2007) Navigating the transition to multi‐ethnic urban high schools: Changing ethnic congruence and adolescents’ school‐related affect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(1), 207–220.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Bigelow M. (2008) Somali adolescents’ negotiation of religious and racial bias in and out of school. Theory Into Practice, 47(1), 27–34.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Bigelow M. (2010) Mogadishu on the Mississippi: Language, racialized identity, and education in a new land. Wiley Blackwell.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Birman D., Trickett E. J., & Bacchus N. (2001) Somali refugee youth needs assessment: Executive summary. The Maryland Office for New Americans.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Brooms D. R. (2019) “I was just trying to make it”: Examining urban Black males’ sense of belonging, schooling experiences, and academic success. Urban Education, 54(6), 804–830.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Clandinin D. J., Caine V., Lessard S., & Huber J. (2016) Engaging in narrative inquiry with children and youth. Routledge.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Clandinin D. J., & Connelly F. M. (2000) Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. Jossey-Bass.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Codjoe H. (2006) The role of an affirmed black cultural identity and heritage in the academic achievement of African‐Canadian students. Intercultural Education, 17(1), 33–54.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Cone N., Buxton C., Lee O., & Mahotiere M. (2014) Negotiating a sense of identity in a foreign land: Navigating public school structures and practices that often conflict with Haitian culture and values. Urban Education, 49(3), 263–296.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Creese G. (2019) “Where are you from?” Racialization, belonging and identity among second-generation african-canadians. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(9), 1476–1494.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Curry-Stevens A., & Coalition of Communities of Color (2013) The African immigrant and refugee community in multnomah county: An unsettling profile. Portland State University.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Forman M. (2001) “Straight outta mogadishu”: Prescribed identities and performative practices among Somali youth in North American high schools. TOPIA (Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies), 5, 33–60.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Fricker M. (2007) Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Habecker S. (2012) Not Black, but habasha: Ethiopian and Eritrean immigrants in American society. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(7), 1200–1219.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Habecker S. (2017) Becoming African Americans: African immigrant youth in the United States and hybrid assimilation. Journal of Pan African Studies, 10(1), 55–75.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Harushimana I., & Awokoya J. (2011) African-born immigrants in U.S. schools: An intercultural perspective on schooling and diversity. Journal of Praxis in Multicultural Education, 6(1), 34–48.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Hersi A. A. (2005) Educational challenges and sociocultural experiences of Somali students in an urban high school. In Gonzalez V., Stefanakis E. H., & Rowe L. M. (Eds.), NABE Review of Research & Practice (Vol. 3, pp. 125–143).
    [Google Scholar]
20. Ibrahim A. (2004) One is not born Black: becoming and the phenomenon (ology) of race. Philosophical Studies in Education, 35(1), 77–87.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Jaffee T. A., Watson V. W. M., & Knight M. G. (2014) Toward enacted cosmopolitan citizenship: New conceptualizations of African immigrants’ civic learning and action in the United States. Journal of Global Citizenship & Equity Education, 4(1), 1–18.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Kiramba L. K. (2017) Multilingual literacies: Invisible representation of literacy in a rural classroom. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 61(3), 267–277.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Kiramba L. K. (2020) Immigrant background students’ names and identities in U.S. schools: Voices from the underground. In Herrera L. J. P. & Trịnh E. T. (Eds.), Critical storytelling: Multilingual immigrants in the United States (pp. 3–8). Brill/Sense.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Kiramba L. K., Kumi-Yeboah A., & Sallar A. M. (2023) It’s like they don’t recognize what I bring to the classroom: African immigrant youths’ multilingual and multicultural navigation in United States schools. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 22(1), 83–98.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Kiramba L. K., Kumi-Yeboah A., Smith P., & Sallar A. M. (2021) Cultural and linguistic experiences of immigrant youth: Voices of African immigrant youth in United States urban schools. Multicultural Education Review, 13(1), 43–63.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Kiramba L. K., & Oloo J. A. (2020) Identity negotiation in multilingual contexts: A narrative inquiry into experiences of an African immigrant high school student. Teachers College Record, 122(13), 1–24.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Kiramba L. K., & Oloo J. A. (2023) “It’s ok. She doesn’t even speak English”: Narratives of language, culture, and identity negotiation by immigrant high school students. Urban Education, 58(3), 398–426.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Kiramba L. K., Onyewuenyi A. C., Kumi-Yeboah A., & Sallar A. M. (2020) Navigating multiple worlds of Ghanaianborn immigrant adolescent girls in US urban schools. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 77, 46–57.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Kiramba L. K., Traore H. M., & Trainin G. (2022) “At school, it’s a completely different world”: African immigrant youth agency and negotiation of their adaptation processes in us urban schools. Urban Education.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Koch J. M. (2007) How schools can best support somali students and their families. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 9(1).
    [Google Scholar]
31. Kumi-Yeboah A., & Smith P. (2017) Cross-cultural educational experiences and academic achievement of Ghanaian immigrant youth in urban public schools. Education and Urban Society, 49(4), 434–455.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Lorenzi J., & Batalova J. (2022) Sub-Saharan African immigrants in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. May, 11.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Moje E. B., & Luke A. (2009) Literacy and identity: Examining the metaphors in history and contemporary research. Reading Research Quarterly, 44(4), 415–437.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Moya P. (2002) Learning from experience: Minority identities, multicultural struggles. University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Mukiibi E. (2015) African immigrant children’s educational experiences in California: Racial discrimination and identity construction. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 03, 1944–6934.
    [Google Scholar]
36. New London Group (1996) A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social futures. Harvard Educational Review, 66(1), 60–93.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Obsiye M., & Cook R. (2016) Forum: Cultural identity and (dis)continuities of children of immigrant communities. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 11(4), 1061–1070.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Omogun L., & Skerrett A. (2021) From Haiti to Detroit through Black immigrant languages and literacies. Journal of Literacy Research, 53(3), 406–429.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Pew Research Center (2017, February 14). African immigrant population in U.S. steadily climbs. Fact Tank: Pew Research Center. http://pewrsr.ch/2l55fhT
    [Google Scholar]
40. Polkinghorne D. E. (1995) Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 8(1), 5–23.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Sarroub L. K. (2008) Living “Glocally” with literacy success in the midwest. Theory Into Practice, 47(1), 59–66.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Schmidt R. (2002) Racialization and language policy: The case of the U.S.A. Multilingua, 21, 141–161.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Sefa Dei G. J. (1997) Race and the production of identity in the schooling experiences of African‐Canadian youth. Discourse, 18(2), 241–257.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Smith P. (2023) Black immigrant literacies: Intersections of race, language, and culture in the classroom. Teachers College Press.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Spotti M. (2007) “What lies beneath?” Immigrant minority pupils’ identity construction in a multicultural flemish primary classroom. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 6(1), 31–51.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Street B. (1984) Literacy in theory and practice. CUP.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Street B. V. (1995) Social literacies: Critical approaches to literacy in development, ethnography and education. Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Street B. V. (2011) Literacy inequalities in theory and practice: The power to name and define. International Journal of Educational Development, 31(6), 580–586.
    [Google Scholar]
49. Traoré R. L. (2004) Colonialism continued: African students in an urban high school in America. Journal of Black Studies, 34, 348–369.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Ukpokodu O. N. (2018) African immigrants, the “New Model Minority”: Examining the reality in US K–12 schools. The Urban Review, 50(1), 69–96.
    [Google Scholar]
51. Watson V. W. M., & Knight-Manuel M. G. (2017) Challenging popularized narratives of immigrant youth from West Africa: Examining social processes of navigating identities and engaging civically. Review of Research in Education, 41(1), 279–310.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Watson V. W. M., & Knight-Manuel M. G. (2020) Humanizing the Black immigrant body: Envisioning diaspora literacies of youth and young adults from West African countries. Teachers College Record, 122(13), 1–28.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Watson V. W. M., & Marciano J. E. (2015) Examining a social‐participatory youth co‐researcher methodology: A cross‐case analysis extending possibilities of literacy and research. Literacy, 49(1), 37–44.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Worku Mengisto W., & Horenczyk G. (2019) Hidden and actual dropout from the education system among adolescents of Ethiopian origin in Israel. Intercultural Education, 30(5), 531–546.
    [Google Scholar]
55. Wright M. M. (2018) Becoming Black: Creating identity in the African diaspora. Duke University Press.
    [Google Scholar]